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Background and Aim: Various methods are used to analyze the data in survival studies. The aim of this study was to compare the analysis results of penalized splines in Cox model and Cox proportional hazards model in relation to the effects of prognostic factors related to the survival of renal transplant patients
Material and Methods: This retrospective study included data of 876 renal transplant patients in Kermanshah, in Iran, from 2001 to 2015. Cox proportional hazards model and penalized splines in cox model were used. We used R version 3.3.2 for data analysis. The significance level was set at 0.05 and Akaike information criterion was used to compare the efficacy rates of these models
Results: Using Cox proportional hazards model, one, three and five year survival rates of the patients were 94.9, 92.3 and 90.2 percent, respectively. But the corresponding figures for penalized spline model were 95.6, 93.3 and 91.4 percent. The recipient's age, postoperative creatinine, urea after surgery and underlying diabetes were significantly associated with the patients' survival rates [p < 0.05]. Akaike's criteria for Cox proportional hazards model and penalized spline model were 1016.3 and 984.1, respectively
Conclusion: Considering lower Akaike information criterion and suitability of penalized spline model for continuous variables affecting the survival of renal transplant patients, this model can be used instead of Cox proportional hazards model for more accurate estimate of survival rate of the renal transplant patients
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Background: In the world of today, where the diseases are on the rampage, doctors and patients both are trying to diagnose and treat them, however, the difficulty is ignoring some causes in diagnosis and even treatments. Paclitaxel is a treatment chemical drug that can cause kidney toxicity, including degenerative changes in the renal parenchyma
Objectives: The aim of this study was investigated the effects of green tea as a strong antioxidant on kidney tissue and blood factors of kidney functions in mice treated with paclitaxel
Methods: Doing this experimental 35 mice divided into7groups randomly: 1 control group was not achieved any materials,2control group achieved Saline for one week,1 Shame group were injected with Paclitaxel IP of 0.3 mg/kg for three days; 2and 3 Shame group injected with IP of green tea with doses of 200 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg respectively for twenty-eight days.1 and 2 Experimental group went through treatment with green tea extract and paclitaxel, they first achieved said doses of green tea for twenty-eight days and then paclitaxel with the dosage of 0.3 mg/kg from the fourteenth day for three days. Seven days after the last injection, the kidney was dissected and after fixation in Formaline buffer solve, have been painted with haematoxylin and eozine, and was studied. Also the level of blood urea and creatinine has been investigated. Data was analyzed by ANOVA test
Results: Blood urea and creatinine levels in 1Shame group were significantly increased compared with the control group the after using green tea extract in 1 and 2 Experimental group showed a significant decrease[P<0.05]. In 1Shame group, dilatation of the renal collecting tubular with minor tissue necrosis was observed the trend in 1 and 2 Experimental group to be reversible so that the control group had no significant difference
Conclusion: On the Base of these results, consuming green tea was decreased of the level of blood factors of kidney and the kidney tissue changes brought about by paclitaxel will be improved
Subject(s)
Animals, Laboratory , Male , Paclitaxel/adverse effects , Tea , Kidney/drug effects , Kidney Function Tests , MiceABSTRACT
Background: Ginger Zingiber officinale has been used as a medicine since ancient times
Objective: This study has been concentrated on identification of chemical compositions of essential oils of Indian and Chinese gingers. Also, antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of Chinese oil were determined
Methods: The first species was collected from India Province and other was purchased from Iranian markets. The essential oils were obtained by Hydrodistillation in a Clevenger type apparatus and were dried over anhydrous Sodium Sulphat. The yields of essential oils were 1.45 and 1.3% w/w, respectively. Then, the oils stored at +4 degree C in the dark place until analysis. The chemical compositions of essential oils were analysis by GC and GC/MS method. The identification of the essential oils components was based on calculation of retention Indices and comparison of mass spectra with standards. The Chinese oil was subjected to screening for its possible antioxidant and cytotoxic activities by means DPPH and MTT assays, respectively
Results: 46 constituents were identified in the essential oils. The major constituents of Indian species were andalpha;-Zingiberene [28.25%] andbeta;-Sesquiphellandrene [15.65%], andalpha;-Curcumene [15.23%] and trans-andgamma;-Cadinene [11.88%]. In Chinese species andalpha;-Zingiberene [35.67%] andbeta;-Sesquiphellandrene [15.27%], trans-andgamma;-Cadinene [9.25%] and E-Citral [6.0%] were main components. In the DPPH test and the MTT test systems, the IC50 values of Iranian ginger essential oil were 80.7 and 72.6 micro g/ml, respectively
Conclusion: The main class of the compounds were found in these species to be sesquiterpenes. Chinese ginger essential oil exhibited the strong cytotoxicity and antioxidant activity at low concentration
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Students who are working in research or educational laboratories of parasitology, as well as health care workers providing care for patients, are at the risk of becoming infected with parasites through accidental exposure. The main purpose of this study was to identify potential positive cases of intestinal parasitic infections among students who took practical parasitology courses compared with students who did not take any practical parasitology courses in Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran, in 2013-2014. A total of 310 subjects from various majors were invited to voluntarily participate in the study. Various demographic data were collected using questionnaires. Three stool samples were collected from each individual on alternate days. Saline wet mounts [SWM], formalin-ether sedimentation test [FEST], Sheather floatation test [SHFT] and trichrome and modified Ziehl-Neelsen staining methods were used to diagnose the presence of intestinal parasites. The prevalence rate of intestinal parasites [IPs] among the students was 11.93%. There was a significant difference between majors in the infection with IPs [P < 0.05]. The most frequently observed IPs were Blastocystis hominis [4.51%] and Giardia intestinalis [3.54%]. The results of this study showed that the transmission of pathogenic parasites in the educational course of practical parasitology could occur and must be taken into careful consideration
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Background and Aim: Formaldehyde is an air contaminant which has wide applications in industry and medicine and its destructive effects have been reported on the body systems. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of different doses of onion extract on biochemical parameters and histopathology of mice kidneys exposed to formaldehyde
Material and Methods: 48 adult male mice were randomly divided into six groups. The control group did not receive any injection. The second group received formaldehyde 10 mg/kg for 14 days and the 3[rd], 4[th] ,5[th] and 6[th] groups received 5,10,20 and 40 mg/kg/day of onion extract respectively in addition to intraperitoneal doses of formaldehyde
After 14 days, tissue preparation was done and using stereological technique, the sizes of the kidneys and glomeruli were measured. Also, serum urea and creatinine levels were measured. Data were analyzed by SPSS software
Results: We found significant decrease in the number of renal glomeruli in all of the groups that received onion and also decrease in the volume of glomeruli in the group which had received 10 mg onion/day, compared to those in the control group [P = 0.000]. There were significant increase in the level of urea in the groups which had received doses of 10 and 20 mg of onion and in the creatinine levels of the groups which had received daily doses of 5, 20 and 40 mg of onion compared to those in the control group [P = 0.000]
Formaldehyde caused renal damage and an increase in the levels of urea and creatinine as well as a decrease in the number and volume of the glomeruli of the kidneys
Conclusion: Administration of daily doses of 40 mg hydro-alcoholic extract of onion for two weeks caused protective effect on kidney tissue exposed to the formaldehyde
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We aimed to determine the distribution of ophthalmic care providers and its correlation with health and socioeconomic status and health system indicators. Data were gathered from the Iran Medical Council and the Iranian Societies of Ophthalmology and Optometry. Concurrent indicators were collected from the Statistical Center of Iran and national studies. A population-adjusted number of combined ophthalmologists and optometrists was used as the main dependent variable. Optometrist/ophthalmologist ratio was 0.9. We had 1 ophthalmologist and 1 optometrist for every 40 000 and 45 000 individuals, respectively. We observed a direct correlation between the number of ophthalmologists, optometrists and life expectancy at the provincial level. Gross provincial income and expenditure and provincial literacy were correlated as well. Provincial unemployment had a negative correlation. Provincial hospital statistics and population density were also significantly correlated. The Islamic Republic of Iran has met the World Health Organization's desired per capita number of ophthalmologists and optometrists, but there is wide variation in their density
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Male , Optometrists , Social Behavior , Life Expectancy/trendsABSTRACT
Placement of mini-dental implants when single-tooth restorations are needed and the space is not sufficient to insert a standard diameter implant is indicated. There are many different mini-implant brands with various materials and surface characteristics; however, there are just few studies comparing them with each other.: In this study, finite element analysis [FEA] was applied to evaluate stress distribution in two different types of bone [D2, D3] around three different mini-implant systems [Dio, Dentis, and Osteocare]. Three different mini- implant systems consisting of Dentis [Dentis Co., Ltd., Dalseo-gu, Daegu, Korea], Dio [DIO Medical Co., Jungwon-gu Seongnam-si, Kyunggi-do, S.Korea] and Osteocare [OsteoCare, Slough, Berkshire, UK] were evaluated using FEA. At the same time, a vertical loading of 100N and a lateral loading of 30N at an angle of 45° were applied on the coronal part of the abutment in 2 different bone qualities: D2 bone quality, a thick layer [2 mm] of the compact bone surrounding a core of dense trabecular bone; and D3 bone quality, a thin layer [1 mm] of the cortical bone surrounding a core of dense trabecular bone of favorable strength. Stress levels in the bone surrounding mini-implants were analyzed using Ansys software [Ver.14], which provides the ability to simulate every structural aspect of a product. Descriptive statistics were used to compare the results. After applying the loads and performing FEA, it was observed that in all three types of mini-implants for both static and dynamic analyses, the Von Mises stress values in D3 bone were more than those in D2 bone. The stresses in the cortical bone were obtained more than cancellous bone stresses. In all the studied systems, stress remained in the physiologic limits of the bone. In the cortical bone, stress distribution pattern in the three kinds of mini-implant was similar. Crestal bone stress, according to the amount of force applied, remained in acceptable levels
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Introduction: Citation and content analysis are one of the most common methods for evaluating scientific journals. The aim of this study is analyzing content and citation of Payavard Salamats Journal
Methods: This is a descriptive and cross sectional study. The collecting tool was an author-made check list. The research population was all 164 Published articles in Payavard Salamat journal between 2007-2014. Collected data was analyzed by Excel 2007 and presented through descriptive statistics in charts and tables
Results: Results showed that more men participated in authoring articles than women. Most of authors had a master degree. Author collaboration was calculated to be 72 percent. The majority of articles were descriptive and used questionnaires. Most of articles were in the field of Health Management Services and had no Organizational Financial support. On average, each article had 22.31 citations most of which were to articles. The citation rate of the journal was calculated to be 2.44 percent
Conclusion: Author collaboration in journal of Payavard Salamat was relatively good and self-citation rate was very low. It is advised to balance publishing articles in different fields of paramedical sciences and use more tables and graphs for presenting findings
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Background and purpose: An open-book exam permits the examinees to consult some specific selected reference sources or materials while answering the exam questions. This study focused on the students' perspectives of open-book examinations in the histology/embryology courses, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences [ZUMS], Zahedan, Iran
Methods: The survey was conducted via a questionnaire after open-book examinations had been conducted in the histology and embryology courses, between 2009 and 2010. Of the 254 students who entered the new education system, 160 students were selected at random
Results: The results revealed that 72% of the students preferred the open-book type to the closed-book kind of examinations. Most of the students voiced that this type of examination was more suited to test high cognitive learning skills and solving real life situation problems, involving less stress while preparing for and taking the exam. They also mentioned that their marks in these examinations were not higher than those from the closed-book examinations. The overall satisfaction scores of the students of the biological sciences were significantly [p<0.001] higher than those of the medical sciences students [16.28 +/- 4.17 vs. 12.65 +/- 5.16]; in the government run university students it was significantly [P<0.001] higher than in the international university students [14.93 +/- 4.53 vs. 10.24 +/- 5.08]; the embryology course results were significantly [p<0.001] higher than the histology course [15.23 +/- 4.07 vs. 12.79 +/- 5.4] and among the MD students it was significantly [p<0.001] lower than those of the BSc students [12 +/- 5.1 vs. 15.93 +/- 4.29]. There was a positive correlation between the scores they acquired in their course and the overall satisfaction scores with the open-book type of examinations [r=0.46, p value=0.01]
Conclusions: The finding of a positive response towards the open-book examination augurs well for extending such a type of examination to other subjects in our university
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Introduction: Adipose tissue secretes many adipokines, including chemerin, visfatin, and apelin. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of 12 weeks of aerobic exercise on plasma levels of apelin and blood pressure in hypertensive middle-aged women
Materials and Methods: In this study, 30 elderly hypertensive women were selected and randomly divided into two groups, the control and experimental. The training program included aerobic exercises conducted, 3 times a week, for 12 weeks. Blood samples and blood pressure measurements of participants were obtained both before starting the exercise training and again 24 hours after the last training session. Data was evaluated by using the dependent and independent t-test for comparisons within groups and between groups, with significance level set at p_0.05
Results: After 12 weeks of aerobic exercise, decline in serum levels of Apelin [p=0.03], and systolic blood pressure [p=0.001] were observed in the experimental group, whereas no significant difference in diastolic blood pressure [p=0.12] was seen. In the control group however no significant changes in serum levels of apelin [p=0.50], systolic blood pressure [p=0.20] and diastolic blood pressure [p=0.40] occurred
Conclusion: The results showed that 12 weeks of aerobic exercise, caused a decreasing trend in levels of plasma apelin and systolic blood pressure, thereby lowering blood pressure of patients hypertensive
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Background and Objective: Alpha lipoic acid [ALA] is a powerful biological antioxidant which is involved in metabolism and energy production as a co-factor in mitochondrial dehydrogenase enzyme complex. This study was done to evaluate the effect of aerobic exercise and alpha lipoic acid supplement on insulin resistance in females with type 2 diabetes
Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, 44 females with type 2 diabetes divided into four groups including: control, supplementation, training and supplementation + training groups. Patients of supplementation and complex [supplementation + training] groups took three 100mg ALA capsules per day for eight weeks. The training program consisted of 8 weeks and three sessions per week. In each session, the subjects warmed up for 10-15 minutes, ran on a treadmill with the intensity of 40-50% of maximum heart rate for 30 minutes and then cooled down for 5-10 minutes. Blood samples were taken after 12-14 hours fasting in two stages - the beginning and the end of the eighth week
Results: Eight weeks of taking ALA supplements significantly reduced patients' insulin resistance [P<0.05]. Eight weeks of running on a treadmill with an intensity of 40-50% of maximum heart rate nonsignificantly reduced insulin resistance in the training group compared to the controls. In the supplementation + training group a significant reduction of insulin resistance was observed [P<0.05]
Conclusion: Alpha lipoic acid supplementation reduces insulin and insulin resistance. While, reduction in fasting blood glucose level causes reduction in insulin resistance in the combination of supplementation and training
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Exercise , Thioctic Acid , Insulin ResistanceABSTRACT
One of the useful methods to assess hospital performance is Pabon Lasso Model. The aim of this study was to assess performance of the hospitals of Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences by Pabon Lasso Model from 2007 to 2011. In this cross sectional study we used turnover rate, bed occupancy rate and the average duration of hospitalization as our indicators to assess the performance of 12 hospitals of Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences by Pabon Lasso Model from 2007 to 2011. We used Excel software for data analysis. In this study we found a bed occupancy rate of 62.5% and a bed turnover rate of 79.2 times. The average duration of hospitalization was 3.4 days. One [8%] hospital was located in zone 1, four [33%] hospitals in zone 2, five [42%] hospitals in zone 3 and two [17%] hospitals in zone 4. According to the results of this study it can be suggested that the development of outpatient services, transmission of beds between the hospitals and prevention of development and extension of medical center scan be considered as the main strategies for increasing the efficiency of the hospitals
Subject(s)
Quality Indicators, Health Care , Efficiency, Organizational/standards , Bed Occupancy , Outpatients , Models, Organizational , Models, StatisticalABSTRACT
Electronic portal imaging devices [EPIDs] play an important role in radiation therapy portal imaging, geometric and dosimetric verifications. A successful utilization of EPIDs for imaging and dosimetric purposes requires a reliable quality control process routine to be carried out regularly. In this study, two in-house phantoms were developed and analyzed for implementation in a quality assurance program for dosimetry purposes. An amorphous silicon [a-Si] imager [OptiVue500] was used. A low contrast resolution phantom and an image quality phantom were constructed and implemented. Low contrast resolution of the EPID was evaluated by counting the number of holes detectable in the image of phantom using human observers and a software. The image quality phantom was used for modulation transfer function, contrast to noise ratio and noise level evaluations. This phantom contains five sets of high-contrast rectangular bar patterns of variable spatial frequencies and six uniform regions. Although the manual low contrast resolution method was observer-dependent and insensitive to artifacts, the automatic method was robust and fully objective but sensitive to artifacts. The critical frequency values for 6 and 18 MV were 0.3558 +/- 0.006 lp/mm and 0.2707 +/- 0.006 lp/mm respectively. The contrast-to-noise ratio was found to be 240% higher for 6 MV compared to 18 MV. The developed phantoms provide a convenient process for periodic performance of an EPID. These phantoms are independent of the EPID system and provide robust tools for continuous monitoring of image quality parameters as well as dosimetric parameters
Subject(s)
Silicon , Electronics , RadiometryABSTRACT
Background and Aims: Allergic reaction is a common side effect of Efavirenz and drug replacement may not be an option to physicians. Here, a successful drug desensitization experiment on an 8-year-old female child over a period of 9 days is reported
Case presentation: The patient was an 8-year old female child with HIV in Kerman, Iran who had been received oral efavirenz together with lamivudine and zidovudine. The patient had showed allergic reaction in the form of skin rashes and itchy skin right one hour after the use of the medication. Since replacing efavirenz with other medications was not an option, in this case, we developed a 9- day drug desensitization strategy in which on the first day, 300 mg of efavirenz was dissolved in 10 ml water and was given to the patient. The medication was doubled every day since after. After 9 days of drug administration, the patient was successfully desensitized toward the medication. The patient was monitored for 3 months and had no problem while using efavirenz together with lamivudine and zidovudine
Conclusion: This drug desensitization protocol for efavirenz can be recommended to physicians when medication replacement may not be an option due to the lack of drug availability
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ICU patients are needy to medical and nursing services. According to Global estimates, the mortality rate is high in these wards because of deterioration of the patient and the severity of the disease. So the grading systems are designed to predict recovery, mortality rate and classifying of these patients. The SOFA scoring system is one of these scoring systems. So, this study was conducted to determine the efficiency of SOFA scoring system in predicting of mortality rate and stay length in intensive care unit for patients of alzahra hospital in Isfahan. This descriptive study was conducted on 107 patients in intensive care unit of Al-Zahra Hospital in 2012 during a 4-month period through convenience sampling. The instruments for data gathering consisted of demographic information form and SOFA check list. For data analysis independent t-test and Pearson correlation were used. The findings showed that there is significant difference between SOFA score at the beginning of admission and death of patient and between the SOFA score on the following days and mortality rate [P<0.0001]. But mortality rate in the beginning of admission was more significant than other days. There is significant relationship between sofa score in beginning of admission and stay lenght [P=0.07], but there is no significant relationship between SOFA score on the days after admission and length of stay [P=0.14]. The result of current study showed that SOFA scoring system is appropriate instrument to predicting mortality rate and stay length of patients in intensive care unit.
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The effects of methanolic extract and leaf powder of Artemisia annua were studied on performance, cellular and humoral immunity in 240 Cobb broiler chicks in a completely randomized design. Control group did not receive any treatment. The chicks in the second and third groups were fed with feed which contained 2000 and 4000 ppm plant extract in diet and in the groups 4, 5 and 6 chicks received 0.5, 1 and 1.5% of dietary Artemisia annua leaf powder, respectively. Daily feed intake, daily weight gain and feed conversion ratio [performance] were measured. Skin response to phytohemagglutinin-P [PHA-P] injected intradermally on day 16 was measured 24 and 48 h after injection. The birds were immunized with sheep red blood cells [SRBC] on days 8 and 22 of age and serum antibody levels produced in response to SRBC were measured on days 21, 28, 35 and 42. The weights of thymus and bursa of fabricius were also measured after slaughter. The results indicated that plant extract and leaf powder increased daily weight gain and reduced daily feed intake and feed conversion ratio [P<0.05]. Plant extract and leaf powder increased cellular immunity on PHA-P injection after 24 and 48 h [P<0.05]. Artemisia annua extract and leaf powder increased total anti-SRBC and IgG titer in experimental groups compared to control group [P<0.05]. Thymus and bursa of fabricius weights were increased in treatment groups [P<0.05]. It is concluded that Artemisia annua extract and leaf powder increases performance, cellular and humoral immunity of broilers
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No domestic availability to breeder turkey stocks and turkey hatching eggs prompted the present experiment that aimed to evaluate the feasibility of a conventional artificial insemination [AI] procedure in British United Turkey [BUT] for the first time in Iran. Broiler turkeys were restrictedly fed, grown for 46 weeks, and used for the current study [10 turkey toms and 24 turkey hens in total]. After a 3 week period of habituating the toms to abdominal massage, the pooled semen was used for insemination after the dilution in sterilized and homogenized low-fat milk [at the ratio of 1 to 6]. The hens were inseminated [14:00 h] and hatching eggs were collected [n = 148]. All the eggs were broken open to assess the fertility rate. Although being lower than the conventional average fertility rate noticed for breeder turkeys in the production manuals [91%], a fertility rate of 61.5% was obtained. The present report provided a preliminary data on the feasibility of the conventional procedure used in chickens to artificially inseminate the turkey, using low-fat milk as a simple available extender. The present findings might also be promising to the future establishment of turkey breeder enterprise in Iran
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Fungi are present as normal flora in the surface of the eye of healthy animals but under certain conditions may cause disease. The purpose of this study was to identify the fungal isolates from the conjunctival sac of clinically normal goats and determine the effect of host age and sex on the isolates. A total of 140 swabs were taken from the inferior conjunctival sac of 70 healthy goats. The selected animals were of both male and female and divided into two age groups. The samples were inoculated in sabouraud dextrose agar with chloramphenicol and incubated at 25[degree sign]C for 21 days. Data were analyzed by Fisher's exact test. In total, 6 different fungal genera were identified in 26 [37.14%] goats and 36 [25.7%] eyes. The isolates included Penicillium spp.- 14 eyes [38.88%], Scopulariopsis spp.-11 eyes [30.55], Aspergillus fumigates - 4 eyes [11.11%], Fusariumspp. -3 eyes [8.33%], Mucorspp. -3 eyes [8.33%] and Alternariasp. -1 eye [2.77%]. The sex of goat had significant effect on frequency of fungal isolation [p<0.01]. The fungal species isolated in this report are comparable with studies on ruminants. The present study is the first report of fungal flora of normal caprine conjunctiva
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Previous studies have shown that atorvastatin inhibits oxidative stress in different tissues of body during certain pathological conditions. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of atorvastatin treatment as an antioxidant to prevent pancreatic oxidative stress in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Materials and Method: The experiment was performed in four groups of rats [n=5 each] normal, normal treated, diabetic and diabetic treated, who were made diabetic by intravenous injection of streptozotocin [40 mg/kg]. After 30 days of treatment, pancreas tissue was removed under deep anesthesia. After tissue homogenization, superoxide dismutase [SOD] and catalase [CAT] activities, as well as glutathione [GSH] and malondialdehyde [MDA] levels were determined by biochemical methods. In addition to increased blood glucose levels in diabetic rats [78%], enzymes activities of SOD and CAT were significantly increased, compared to the normal rats. Also, induction of diabetes significantly decreased the GSH content of pancreas by 40%, and increased MDA level by 53%. Finally treatment with atorvastatin significantly increased the content of GSH and prevented augmentation of SOD activity. Based on findings of this study, diabetic-induced hyperglycemia provokes the production of pancreas free radicals that lead to oxidative stress. Also, treatment with atorvastatin may prevent hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress in the pancreas tissue of these animals
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Composite resins can play an important role in dentin support and enamel strength via bonding to tooth structure. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of hybrid and microfilled composite restorations on the fracture resistance of extensively weakened teeth. In this case control study 40 intact maxillary premolars were mounted in transparent acrylic resin blocks. The samples were divided into 4 groups [n=10 each]. Group PC comprised of intact teeth, without preparation and restoration. In other three groups MOD preparations with constant depths and converged walls toward occlusal surfaces were prepared. Group NC composed of teeth with preparations but without any restoration. Group HR included prepared and restored teeth using a hybrid composite and Group MR contained prepared and restored samples with a microfilled composite. Samples were thermocycled [500 cycles in 5-55°C], then were placed under compressive loads in a universal testing machine, and the curves were drawn with a software called Test Xpert. Mean fracture resistance in HR, MR, PC, and NC groups were 48.1010, 59.1773, 83.1420, and 21.9220, respectively. There was a statistically significant difference among the groups [P<0.05]. The increasing effect of microfilled group on the fracture resistance of restored teeth is significantly more than that of hybrid group